Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

We introduced the underlying mathematics of symbol error analysis for digital communication systems in August, using the simplest case of BPSK. We concentrated on the ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. The bit error ratio (BER) is defined as the probability that a bit is received in ...

Hybrid Active-Reactive Profiling (HARP), a new error profiling algorithm that rapidly achieves full coverage of at-risk bits in memory chips that use on-die ECC ...