This image depicts the chemical structure of cytosine. It shows a hexagonal ring with nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, and a primary amine group attached to carbon 4. The two remaining positions ...

DNA doesn’t just sit still inside our cells — it folds, loops, and rearranges in ways that shape how genes behave.

DNA–protein cross-links (DPCs) represent a severe form of DNA damage that can disrupt essential chromatin-based processes. Among them, DNA–histone cross-links (DHCs) occur frequently within ...

In the middle of the 20th century, accumulating data suggested that DNA carries life’s genetic information. Biochemists around the world raced to determine its structure. The competition led to some ...

Nucleic acids are complex biological molecules that store and transmit genetic information in all living organisms. They are essential for the survival and reproduction of life on Earth. The two main ...

A change in the DNA sequence of a codon may not change the corresponding amino acid residue in the encoded protein because each residue can be encoded by several codons. This is called the Wobble ...

James Watson, who co-won the Nobel Prize for discovering DNA's structure, was a towering and controversial figure in science. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate ...

For James Watson, DNA was everything — not just his life's work, but the secret of life itself. Over his long and storied career, Watson arguably did more than any other scientist to transform a ...

His decoding of the blueprint for life with Francis H.C. Crick made him one of the most important scientists of the 20th century. He wrote a celebrated memoir and later ignited an uproar with racist ...